About & data construction
Created and maintained by Nari Yoo, PhD, University of Michigan School of Social Work.
The underlying dataset is being prepared for publication as a data descriptor: “Service and Language Access Profiles of U.S. Immigrant- and Refugee-Serving Nonprofits: A National Geocoded Dataset Augmented with Large Language Models.”
Collaboration and data-access inquiries are welcome: nariyoo@umich.edu.
A national directory and dashboard of US nonprofit organizations serving immigrants, refugees, asylees, and other foreign-born newcomers, paired with Census foreign-born, language-need, and immigrant social/economic context at state, county, and city levels.
How the organization list was built
- IRS frame. Exempt Organizations Business Master File (NTEE codes P84 Ethnic & Immigrant Centers, Q71 Refugee Issues) as the high-precision core.
- Form 990 text signals. NCCS efile mission/program text searched for immigration-status keywords AND ethnic/national-origin community terms, in both organization names and text (a two-by-two net).
- Funder-grantee graph. 990 Schedule I grants whose stated purpose names immigrants/refugees, recovering grassroots grantees.
- Authoritative directories. ORR refugee resettlement (R&P agencies including the national networks such as Church World Service, the RPC affiliate roster, and the Refugee/Targeted Assistance, Preferred Communities, Matching-Grant and Unaccompanied-Children subprograms via USASpending); USCIS citizenship grantees; DOJ EOIR-recognized and CLINIC / Immigration Advocates Network immigration-legal providers; NCTTP & SAMHSA mental health (with language fields); HRSA health centers; DOL NFJP farmworker programs; DOJ OVC trafficking-victim and OVW culturally-specific victim services; the Welcoming America affiliate network; and NAKASEC community affiliates.
- LLM adjudication. Every candidate classified by claude-sonnet-4-6 for whether it directly serves immigrants/refugees; cultural, fraternal, and worship-only orgs filtered out. Estimated coverage ~81% (capture-recapture).
- Websites & audit. Resolved from Google Places (with coordinate-distance validation), the IRS 990 self-reported website field, and Google Knowledge Graph; homepages scraped to extract services, languages offered, communities served, and language-access mechanism (true multilingual vs auto-translate widget).
Demand-side data (US Census ACS 5-year, 2023; trends 2009–2023)
Every demographic figure is foreign-born specific and available at state, county, city, and metro levels, with US, Census-region, and state averages shown as benchmarks. Time-series (2009–2023 / 2011–2023) cover foreign-born share, language need by language, immigrant and racial/ethnic diversity, and residential segregation.
- Foreign-born population and share; non-citizens, naturalized citizens, recent arrivals (period of entry).
- Granular language need by 43 language groups (ACS B16001: e.g. Hindi, Punjabi, Nepali, Persian/Dari, Amharic/Somali, Swahili, Yoruba/Igbo, Armenian) and English proficiency; limited-English households.
- Country of origin (top countries per place); immigrant-origin and racial/ethnic diversity (Shannon index).
- Foreign-born vs US-born gaps: poverty, health-insurance coverage, median income, median age, education, children with an immigrant parent.
- State-level well-being by nativity from ACS PUMS microdata (dimensions with no published nativity cross-tab): internet and computer access, SNAP, Medicaid, disability, homeownership.
- Residential segregation (foreign- vs US-born dissimilarity and isolation) from census-tract data.
Coverage and limitations
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Sources & links
- IRS Tax-Exempt Organization Search bulk data irs.gov
- NCCS (Urban Institute) 990 efile nccs.urban.org
- US Census ACS census.gov/acs
- ORR / Refugee Processing Center, USCIS, DOJ EOIR, DOJ OVC & OVW (victim services), CLINIC, Immigration Advocates Network, HRSA, SAMHSA, DOL, USASpending.gov, Welcoming America, NAKASEC (federal and network directories)
- Code & full methods github.com/nariyoo/us-immigrant-support-map
Compiled from public sources; may be incomplete or out of date verify before relying on any listing. © 2026 Nari Yoo · data CC BY 4.0.